Academic research and bibliography

African Americans and Popular Culture 

Todd Boyd 2008

• Films by black directors and black film companies were no more accurate. Between 1910 and 1930, such black film  directors /producers as bill foster and the foster photo play company ,Oscar Micheux and the Micheaux film and book company and the Lincoln motion picture company included the same kinds of stereotypes seen in films by white directors.
• This quote tells me that's white directors and black directors both reinforce the stereotypes of black people in films.
• Although these companies were pioneer in the creation of black controlled ,black orientated film genres ,the demand for negative stereotyped images of African american persisted
• Then this quote tells me that people in the early 1900's people wanted to watch the African American being negatively being stereotyped maybe they found it amusing or refreshing.
• African american culture and utilize what David Marc calls "black prime time dozens humor" or black verbal art forms.Other aspects of these shows include an emphasis on black music,art ,and literature ;a greater tendency to focus on black issues ,such as racism and discrimination.
• This shows what the black actors overall role used to be in and it isnt so negative as it is in SOOC.
• For many years,African Americans were simply objects within popular culture whose representation tended to be quite stereotypical and especially problematic.
• This once again tells me how they are represented in films back in those days as problematic person is not a good person as they always have issues.
• A example film was a social commentary on the welfare system and how it actually aided in the poverty of poor black families headed by a single female.The absence of the male in the black families ,as chronicled by the moynihan report,was actually supported by the government itself.
• This tells me that the stereotype of black males not being there was put in a film however it got backed up by the government stats to show it.Therefore it still is stereotyping even if its true.
• Although Diahann Carroll's character was a responsible black single mother who was taking care of her kids -the opposite of the crack mother and bad mother that Halle Berry played in her respective films-the image of the black single mothers as the image of women on welfare continues to pervasive.
• Then they showed 2 different types of black stereotypes as one was very hard working and good mother.However Halle berry played a mother who was on drugs and who was not a good mother.The film showed 2 types of the same race stereotyping them both.
• These images therefore reinforce stereotypes of black women that exist within the US boarders.
• So these stereotypes are what truly happened in the US and the film is showing the truth.

Cultural Studies By Lawrence Grossberg, 1992

• Stereotypes ,however inaccurate, are on form of representation.like fictions they are created to serve as substitutions,standing in for whats is real. 
• This tells me the correct and detailed explanation of stereotyping

Cambridge International AS and A Level Sociology Coursebook 
By Chris Livesey

• One feature of ethnic representation in the western media is the gradual disappearance of crude stereotypes and demeaning representations of "black people".
• This tells me where the representation of black people are mostly done  and what they show. That's the western media (Europe and America) negative stereotypes.
• White overt racism is no longer tolerated,hall (1995) argues that it has been replaced by inferential racism- black ethnicity are represented in ways that stress their cultural ,rather than biological ,difference.
• This tells me what a theorist has to say and tells me what he thinks as he says no racism but it has transformed to stereotyping negatively
• Part of this representation involves their "problematic nature";minority ethnicity are represented as the source,rather than victim, of social problem.
• This tells me again how they are represented as they are hardly the victims but they are the source.
• This in turn ,reflects two forms of representation;
• Over represention,according to klimkiewicz (1999) in areas such as new sand fiction as perpetrators and victims;UK news reporting Africa,for example, represents black ethnicity  as; victims of natural disasters such as floods and famines  and perpetrators of man made disasters involving wars and corruption.
• In context ,ethnic minorities are mainly views through a white, middle class and male gaze.
• This tells me where the stereotyping comes from most of the time in the media not only in films but in the news

Deep Secrets By Niobe Way
2011

• While these representations of boys are considered true for all boys,ethnic minority and poor and working class boys ,particularly those who are Black and Latino.
• I have learned the victims of stereotyping are the poor and working class and ethnic minorities in the US.
• Images of rappers like 50 cent and lil wayne are emblematic of this stereotype.
• This helps me as stereotypes come from famous rappers like NWA its 50 cent and lil Wayne. As they have tough up bringing they result in selling drugs and gang violence however they become rappers and start rapping about those things.
• The most negative characterisation-that African american men are "thugs" and in gangs-is true for only a very small percentage black and Latino youth and is thus an unfounded negative stereotype.
• This tells me that the stereotype of blacks people being thugs can be backed up that its not true.They are thugs but only a small amount not all.
• The confusion even for black youth regarding what is a stereotype and what is a fact underscores the power of these stereotypes.
• This tells me that black youths get stereotyped a lot and so they are not educated enough to know the difference between a fact or a stereotype 
• The belief that black and Latino males are gangsters and thugs will likely foster social and emotional disconnection in young mens search for admission into the world of black and Latino manhood.
• This shows that stereotyping can lead to social and emotional effects to the young men into manhood.

Africana Cultures and Policy Studies By Zachery Williams
2009 New York

• To illustrate the connection between attitudes and actions,consider the long standing negative attitudes of police towards black males,who are often victims of police brutality.
• Some bad Police have a bad attitude to black males as it maybe stereotyping on stereotyping as some police officers are bad and some black people are thugs.
• The negative attitudes are perpetuated through the stereotype of the black male predator,oftentime reinforced in the media, in which black men are stereotyped as being criminals,pimps,drug dealers and "gangsta-thugs".
• The police are aware as the way black people are stereotyped in the media they have to be real tough and hard towards which is very bad.
• The Assumption is that the police are the good guys and black men are the bad guys.However, research reports that in the unfortunate situations in which police are killed by citizens,those citizens are rarely black men.
• The police are the hero's for killing black males as they seem them as a threat to society however the amount of people who kill police officers are rarely black 
• In policing literature, the symbolic assailant is a young,low income, African american male.
• Again we see who is being stereotyped 
• The stereotype is very dangerous and can easily result in the abuse or the killing of an innocent black men, and in blaming black men for society crime problems
• This tells me that stereotyping can take away live as police can think a innocent black male is a drug dealer with a possession of a gun but they are not
• Black males males make up less than 7 percent of US population,yet they constitute almost half of the prison  population.
• This where the stereotype comes from people see this type of stat and generalise it to all black males
• Blacks and Hispanics are about 70% percent more likely to have had contact with the police than white are 
• This is another stat shows that its fact that a coloured person is more criminal active than a white person

Ethics at the Cinema edited by Ward E. Jones, Samantha Vice
2011

• The films most extended and complex challenging of racial stereotypes, in both the cultural and the one-dimensional form,concerns a particularly potent and damaging stereotype -that young black males are dangerous,violent and to be feared.
• This tells me that's stereotypes in the media damages society 
• Stereotypes being more negative or more culturally embedded than other (blacks as unintelligent (a centuries-old stereotype, originating a racial slavery) vs Whites as band ); or  because ,in context some stereotype contribute to ill treatment of the group in question more than do others.
• Among at least the first and third of these, the "violent young black male" stereotype is a particularly damaging one.It deleterious affects young black male ability to find employment,receive respectful and appropriate treatment in schools and be treated with appropriate civic regard in public spaces.
• Once again stereotyping can harm someones self esteem and role in life.Therefore leading to commit suicide 

The Words and Music of Ice Cube

2008

 By Gail Hilson Woldu

• NWA coined the phrase "reality rap", a term that refined black male expressions of anger and angst in the late 1980s. If no one else was speaking for urban black men, NWA was, and in voices that were defiantly unapologetic.
• NWA rapping was the truth as their music is a reality of what they live
• Reality within hip hop is rooted in raps lyrics content and street based narratives;as such ,reality in rap becomes more than "just music",as it it "situated within the lived context of black expressivity and contemporary cultural identify formation.
• The music is telling a story and thats why people in compton and other "hoods" enjoyed listening to them as they speak on what every from there goes through 
• NWA was created in 1986 by Eric "eazy E" Wright, a street hustler from Compton.The group original members included, in addition to Ice cube and eazy e,MC ren (Lorenzo Patterson),Dr Dre (Andre Young) ,DJ Yella (Antoine Carraby)
• The member and their names
• Eazy E had big ideas about how to break into the record business using money bankrolled from criminal activities that  included drug dealing,car theft and burglary.
• Eazy E was not negatively stereotyped in the movie it is true he was a drug dealer
• Eazy E gave voice to gang and street culture in Los Angeles by painting a musical graphic of his neighborhoods harsh environment
• They told the truth to people who don't live in the hood, mostly white kids,that want to know what is happening in there as they are fascinated 
• He was eulogized variously as one of the most important players in the development of hip hop music
• They were the first gangsta rap music artist and he built the foundation  for the rap scene in the west coast 
• The groups root in the struggling working class neighborhoods of Compton and south central are manifest in NWA image and messages.Rampant unemployment ,drug dealing and drug abuse ,absentee fathers ,teen pregnancy ,police brutality and a litany og the inner city woes are chronicled in the groups music and captured vividly in the harsh language and intentional of NWA shock value.
• "Played bitches,killed enemies and assassinated police"
• The film didn't reinforce negative stereotypes as this is what they grew up in.This sort of environment in Compton they grew up to see that violence and drug abuse it would be a miracle if they didn't go in that direction 

Jet 3 Apr 1995

• In hospital, Eazy E received an average 2500 phone calls per day from his fans across the country
• Showed what a popular character he was as people say many people didn't like him because he was a criminal 
• "I had other women.I have seven children by six different mothers.Maybe success was too good to me.I love all my kids.And i always took care of them"
• Shows what a good father he was as he also ran the record label just shows he puts the stereotypes to bed of black males being unemployed and lazy
• "Now im in the biggest fight of my life and it aint easy.But i want to say much love to those who have been down with me and thanks for all the support"
• "Yes I was a brother on the streets of Compton doing a lot of things most people look down on,but it did pay off.Then we started rapping about real stuff that shook up the LAPD and the FBI.But we got our message across big time and everyone in America started paying attention to the boyz in the hood."
• This shows he didn't regret his early criminal mind as he would not have the money to start the record label and studio time for the group.So it is very much a rags to riches to story.

Death of a Suburban Dream: Race and Schools in Compton, California By Emily E. Straus

• While unrest occurred in pockets throughout Los Angeles county,including Pasadena,Venice the violence most deeply affected south central region of Los Angeles,home to thirds of Los Angeles county black population
• The stereotypes weren't just made it,it started as the violence kicked off due to the drug trade in south central LA
• Poverty, police brutality and lack of employment opportunities laid the groundwork for the unrest.
• The violence lead to this and made the stereotype come into peoples heads as they see some black people drug dealing and being violent active in gangs.they believe all of the black people are like that.Therefor they don't employ them and police disrespectful them.

The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk About When We Talk About Hip Hop--and Why It Matters
2008
 By Tricia Rose

• -Has increasingly become a playground for caricatures of black gangstas, pimps  and hoes. Hyper sexism has increased dramatically,and homophobia along with distorted ,antisocial ,self destructive ,and violent portraits of black masculinity have become rap calling cards.
• Gangstas,hustlers ,street crimes and vernacular sexual insults (e.g., calling black women "hoes")
• NWA talked about all these things in a very bad way in their songs and some people loved them because of them having no filter
• Prior to the ascendance of corporate mainstream hip hop ,these figures were more complex and ambivalent.A few were interesting social critics.Some early west cost gangsta rappers NWA and WC and the Maad Circle,for example -featured store that emphasized being trapped b the gang life and spoke about why street crime had become a "line of work" in the context of chronic black joblessness.
• Growing up in the hood the was no way out and no jobs available so they sort of had to do crimes to survive,thats what they say in their music but do we believe it
• Following he meteoric rise of west coast hip hop music producer Dr Dre and of NWA., widely considered a seminal gangsta rap group,west coast gangsta rap solidified  and expanded the already well represented street criminal icon-thug,hustler,gangster and pimp-in a musically  compelling way.
• They embraced the fact that they were known as gangsta rappers from the hood by white people.

Guerrero, Ed. Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993. 

• Hollywood strategic response to this combination of black social and intellectual pressure was of black social and intellectual pressure was to produce a wave of cheap made black action adventures set in the "ghetto" that were,with a few notable expectations,crawled by white directors and gained tremendous profits for the mainstream commercial system but also subordinated place talent and creativity to the needs of that system of all systems. 
• 64 percent of black respondents felt that drugs and urban violence were part of a a white conspiracy to eliminate blacks.
• Voices similar suspicious in Boyz N the Hood when he gives a street-corner speech about how "they" fennel liquor ,drugs, and guns into the black community in hopes that "we will kill each other off".
• Recovering capital invested and turning a profit form the black audience alone#
• New jack city (1991) ,which cost $8.5 million and earned over $47million,or the top grossing black film BOYZ N THE HOOD (1991),which was made for a modest 6 million and so far,has earned over 60 million.
• For they not only did well with black audiences,but they have successfully crossed over into boarder consumer markets

Rocchio, Vincent F. Reel Racism Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2000. Print.

• In this sense,racism is also a dialectical operation,because racism as social dimension effects individual beliefs,attitudes ,and a actions , but these individual beliefs, attitude , and actions-separately and collectively-become the support and foundation for social dimensions.